Présentation de l’éditeur
Qu’appelle-t-on « symptôme » en psychiatrie ? Et de quel talent d’observateur faut-il créditer le clinicien qui essaie de regrouper les symptômes en syndromes, voire en maladies mentales ? Steeves Demazeux, après son enquête sur les classifications contemporaines (Qu’est-ce que le DSM ?, Ithaque, 2013), continue ici sa remontée dans le temps, en examinant l’émergence de la clinique psychiatrique, de ses origines chez Pinel à la crise qui la secoue au tournant des années 1950.
À cette fin, il fouille le sol de la relation clinique, en amont du diagnostic, quand, au plus proche du patient, le psychiatre se met en quête des « signes » de la maladie. Les aliénistes ont longtemps cherché à constituer une « sémiologie » de la folie aussi respectable que celle des autres branches de la médecine. Très vite, cependant, ils ont hésité. Fallait-il voir dans ces signes et ces symptômes les éléments formels d’un tableau, les indices d’un trouble sous-jacent qui en serait la cause, ou les lettres d’un texte dont le sens nous échappe ? Une sémiologie psychiatrique n’est-elle pas au fond une chimère ? La psychanalyse n’a-t-elle pas hérité de ses impasses ? Et si c’était à des auteurs méconnus, voire méprisés, « numéristes » et modestes statisticiens d’asile, qu’il fallait enfin accorder la palme de l’objectivité ?
L’histoire et la philosophie des sciences croisent ici des personnages inattendus, et pourtant tous nécessaires : Edgar Poe et Jacques Lacan, Carlo Ginzburg et Michel Foucault, les habitants de Manhattan, un photographe victorien spécialisé dans les gouttelettes, et plusieurs neurologues, le marteau à la main. Au terme de ce parcours, Steeves Demazeux propose une refondation vigoureuse de notre épistémologie de la psychiatrie, qui doit changer et d’objet et de but.
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L’auteur
Steeves Demazeux est philosophe et historien des sciences, maître de conférences à l’Université Bordeaux Montaigne. Il est l’auteur de Qu’est-ce que le DSM ? (Ithaque, 2013) et il a codirigé The DSM-5 in perspective avec Patrick Singy (Springer, 2015) et Sadness or Depression ? avec Jerome Wakefield (Springer, 2016).
Bibliographie
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Demazeux, Steeves, L’éclipse du symptôme: l’observation clinique en psychiatrie : 1800-1950, Paris, Ithaque, 2019. 3.133 DEM.
